artículosCOMO HACER UN CONTRATO (2ª parte)

En la entrega anterior nos referimos al concepto del contrato y algunos de sus elementos, específicamente: (i) Denominación; (ii) Fecha y lugar; (iii) Las partes; (iv) El objeto. Hoy abordaremos los demás elementos.

Plazo

Es la duración o vigencia del contrato, que debe estar claramente establecida en el mismo en días, meses o con una fecha específica de vencimiento. Asimismo, dos temas muy importantes son los siguientes.

Definir si habrá o no renovación automática y, en su caso cual es el plazo máximo para dar el aviso de no renovación. En este sentido, dependerá de si a la parte a quien estemos asesorando le conviene o no la renovación automática. Si no le conviene -o, en caso de duda- es mejor establecer que la renovación deberá instrumentarse por escrito, que puede ser un anexo o un nuevo contrato.

Establecer la posibilidad de la recisión anticipada, para ambas partes, ya que, aunque muchas veces el contrato sea muy conveniente para una o ambas partes ,podría darse la circunstancia que por cuestiones sobrevinientes sea necesario dar por terminado el contrato antes de su vencimiento. Debe establecer el plazo y forma de comunicación del preaviso así como también si existirá o no alguna penalidad.

Precio

Es la contraprestación debida por una de las partes a la otra, la que, habitualmente está expresada en dinero, sea moneda nacional o extranjera. Debe consignarse con claridad el monto y la moneda en número y letras para mejor comprensión.

Asimismo, debe establecerse la forma de pago, con la clara indicación de las fechas y lugares en que deberá realizarse los mismos. Si estos se realizarán vía transferencia bancaria deberá dejarse constancia de tal circunstancia.

Igualmente, deberá preverse las consecuencias que la falta de pago produce en términos de intereses, gastos, suspensión o resolución del contrato.

Derechos y obligaciones de las partes

Para elaborar esta cláusula debe conversarse previamente con el cliente para determinar cuáles son los derechos y obligaciones que el mismo desea que corresponda a cada una de ellas, y luego proceder a la redacción de la cláusula adicionando algunas cuestiones que, por experiencia, corresponda incluir.

Legislación aplicable

En la generalidad de los casos la normativa aplicable será la paraguaya, salvo cuestiones particulares en el caso de contrataciones en que intervengan personas, físicas o jurídicas del exterior y se opte por otro tipo de derecho aplicable. Debe dejarse constancia de esta situación.

Resolución de controversias

Debe acordarse si en el caso de controversias las mismas serán dirimidas ante la justicia ordinaria o por medios alternativos, como la mediación y el arbitraje. Si será la justicia ordinaria se debe establecer cuales Juzgados y Tribunales serán los competentes, Ej.: los de la ciudad de Asunción.

Misceláneas

Existen otras cláusulas contractuales que dependerán del tipo de contrato así como de lo que deseen las partes, entre ellas están las relativas a confidencialidad, exclusividad, etc.

Una vez concluido el borrador del contrato, se debe compartir el mismo con el cliente para realizar los ajustes necesarios y, en el caso que la otra parte lo desee, se deberá interactuar con ella para eventuales modificaciones hasta tener la versión final del contrato a ser suscripta por las partes. A dicho efecto, es conveniente utilizar el sistema de control de cambios que permite visualizar las modificaciones, de modo a evitar la lectura completa del documento todas las veces, así como también individualizar los archivos con el autor, fecha y número de revisión, de forma a facilitar la ubicación de la versión que uno desea encontrar.

Finalmente, una cuestión que parece muy obvia, pero que se debe tener en cuenta es que la versión que se vaya a firmar sea efectivamente la versión final que ha sido consensuada entre las partes.

 

Marcelo Codas Frontanilla

marcelo@estudiocodas.com

Twitter: @CodasMarcelo

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