Hace unos días un estudiante de Derecho me preguntaba: ¿Cómo se hace un contrato? Esta pregunta, cuya respuesta parece obvia, es muy interesante y me motivó a escribir este artículo.
La palabra contrato proviene del latín contractus derivado de contrahere, que significa concertar. El Código Civil Francés define al contrato con magistral sencillez diciendo que “hay contrato cuanto varias personas se ponen de acuerdo sobre una declaración de voluntad común, destinada a reglar sus derechos”. El contrato es, fundamentalmente, un acuerdo de voluntades.
En nuestro país, los contratos, civiles y comerciales están regidos, fundamentalmente por las disposiciones del Código Civil y, en tal sentido, el artículo 669 del mismo dispone: “Los interesados pueden reglar libremente sus derechos mediante contratos observando las normas imperativas de la ley, y en particular, las contenidas en este título y en el relativo a los actos jurídicos”.
El acuerdo
El primer paso para la redacción de un contrato es que el cliente nos informe acerca de cuál es el acuerdo al cual han arribado con la otra parte y a partir de allí proceder a la elaboración.
En este sentido, en muchos casos los clientes antes de arribar a un acuerdo, nos piden un “modelo de contrato”, con lo cual se invierte el proceso lógico de su elaboración. No obstante, esta es una situación real de la cual no podemos escapar y por ende, debemos administrarla.
Denominación
En muchos casos en el encabezamiento del contrato se consigna su denominación, por ejemplo: Contrato de compra venta. Ello, en rigor, no es necesario, pero no está de más.
Fecha y lugar
La fecha de celebración del contrato es fundamental para poder determinar cuándo fue suscripto el mismo y, en la generalidad de los casos, a partir de que momento entrará a regir, si bien esto puede establecerse a partir de otro momento.
El lugar determina la jurisdicción a ser aplicable a los efectos de la solución de controversias, salvo que se establezca algo diferente en otra cláusula del contrato.
Habitualmente estos datos se encuentran al inicio del contrato, si bien algunos prefieren consignarlos al final. Por nuestra parte, basado en un orden lógico, estimamos que es más conveniente que los mismos se encuentren en el encabezamiento.
Las partes
Las partes son quienes suscriben el contrato y que deben ser individualizadas con el nombre completo, número y tipo de documento de identidad y domicilio. En el caso de las personas jurídicas será el nombre completo de la entidad y el número del RUC.
En cuanto al domicilio es muy importante que el mismo se encuentre lo más detallado posible, indicando la calle, el número de la casa las calles transversales, el barrio y la ciudad.
El domicilio se utiliza para la comunicación entre las partes, por lo que, si el mismo no está suficientemente individualizado, se podrán tener dificultades al momento de remitir las comunicaciones ya que ellas pueden no llegar a destino por dicha situación.
En lo que respecta a las personas jurídicas debe indicarse las personas físicas que la representan y el carácter en que lo hacen. Una cuestión que suele generar dificultades es la forma en que puede verificarse que quienes firmarán el contrato efectivamente ejerzan la representación.
Esto puede verificarse por medio de los estatutos sociales y sus modificaciones, y, en el caso de sociedades anónimas, con las actas de asamblea y de directorio o con poderes. No obstante, en algunas ocasiones no es posible contar con estos documentos, en cuyo caso sugerimos incluir una cláusula en la cual se consigne que los firmantes en representación de la persona jurídica declaran que se encuentran suficientemente facultados para suscribir el documento y que efectivamente ejercen la representación de la entidad.
El objeto
Callaghan define al objeto como “la realidad sobre la que recae el contrato, los intereses regulados y concretamente las obligaciones de las partes”.
El objeto es un elemento central del contrato y los principales requisitos que debe cumplir el objeto son: cierto, determinado, posible y lícito.
En la próxima entrega nos referiremos a los demás elementos del contrato que, fundamentalmente son: plazo, precio, derechos y obligaciones de las partes, legislación aplicable, jurisdicción; así como a otros elementos que varían según el tipo de contrato que son: confidencialidad, exclusividad, etc.
Marcelo Codas Frontanilla
marcelo@estudiocodas.com
Twitter: @CodasMarcelo
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